For all you slackers :)
Neurohumoral:The heart and vasculature are regulated, in part, by neural (autonomic) and humoral (circulating or hormonal) factors. Neural mechanisms primarily involve sympathetic adrenergic and parasympathetic cholinergic branches of the autonomic nervous system. In general, the sympathetic system stimulates the heart and constricts blood vessels resulting in a rise in arterial pressure. The parasympathetic system depresses cardiac function and dilates selected vascular bed. There are several very important humoral mechanisms including circulating catecholamines, the renin-angiotensin system, vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), atrial natriuretic peptide, and endothelin. Each of these humoral systems directly or indirectly alter cardiac function, vascular function, and arterial pressure.
http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP007.htm
Essential HTN: The cause of the HTN is unknown by Dr.'s
White-coat HTN: The person's BP is normal when taken at home but increases in a clinical setting. This is thought to be brought on by anxiety of "white-coats" or hospital settings.
Ambulatory: Having to do with walking or moving about.
normotensive: having normal blood pressure
Regression analysis: I'm not touching this one. I'm going to let you look it up on wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis
Systemic Vascular Resistance: resistance, offered by the peripheral circulation, to flow that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_resistance
attenuate: reduce
Wednesday, February 27, 2008
Tuesday, February 26, 2008
2.20.08 High Blood Pressure
High Blood Pressure
See Pkt.
HTN: Hypertension
HBP: High Blood Pressure
Resting: SBP > or = 140 and/or DBP > or = 90
Or normal but on hypertensive medication
New Category" Pre-hypertensive
Research shows that ppl with these BPs have a significantly increased risk of CVD. Must change lifestyle.
SBP 120-139
DBP 80-89
ACSM Position stand- Quiz on this, very difficult to read
AHA Science advisory- just an FYI for us, no quiz over it
Prevalence
Increased BP affects 58.4 million Americans
90-95% of hypertensives- Dr.s don't know what it is due to. Called essential hypertension.
Increased prevalence in males, older adults, African Americans.
Stage 2-Stage 3 HBP
SBP > or = 160
DBP > OR = 100
Increased risk for CVD
Inc. CHF
Inc. peripheral artery disease- claudication (harding of leg arteries)
Inc. renal failure
Quiz question on stages
Risk Factors
Lifestyle modifications= non-medication ways
1. Endurance program
2. Body weight loss
(SEE LIST)
3. Eating a DASH diet (semi-vegetarian)- high fruits, high veg, protein in the form of low-fat dairy
Response to Exercise
With increasing level of exercise, SBP goes up, DBP stays fairly level.
Automatic termination of GXT if SBP > or = 250 (Anyone), DBP > or = 115
Medications
BP: Anti hypertensives
heart rhythm (which affects BP)
Force of L ventricular contraction (also affects BP)
May affect response to exercise
Must know what medications do to exercise:
type
dosage
time as it relates to time of exercise
DR.'S OKAY
Vein dilation
Brain- sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Kidneys play a major role
ACE INHIBITORS
affect kidneys to lower BP
Blocks kidney enzyme-prevents constriction hormone
does not cause changes in heart rate
unresponsive to other medications-very potent drugs
if the person is exercising, this should be the drug of choice
ALFA BLOCKERS
decrease peripheral nervous system to dilate veins
Do not cause changes in heart rate
suffer more from sudden hypotension because of poor blood flow back to the heart- cool down is important
ALFA SIMULATORS
increase parasympathetic to dilate blood vessels
BETA BLOCKERS
also used for angina (chest pain), migraines, and CAD
Compete for same receptor site at catacolomens so they can't increase BP (ventricular contraction)
affect heart and lungs (difficulty breathing)
go back to Dr. if this happens
affects person's ability to exercise (use RPE)
decreased resting and exercise HR
decreased blood pressure
decreases body's ability to dissipate heat. (climate controlled environment).
can cause hypoglycemia
only do testing on correct dosage of medication (the dosage on which they will be during your exercise program)
Chest pain- BBs allow them the work out at higher intensities without chest pain
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
chest pain, arrhythmia, HBP
Block Ca Dependant contraction of muscles
increase, decrease or do not affect HR (depends on which type)
decreased BP- cool down is important (blood pooling)
does not affect THR (Can use Karvonen formula)
ACSMs treatment of choice for very active ppl.
DIGITALIS
anti-arrhythmic
flutter of atria- increased vigor of contractions
decreases HR
does not affect BP
DIURETICS
anti-hypertensive/Congestive HF (CHF)
decreases water in the body
lowers BP
Does not affect HR
Can cause dehydration
hypocalimia- lose a lot of K. this can cause arrhythmia, potatoes have 3 x more K than bananas
hypoglycemia
historical the 1st type of drugs given
aren't as potent
not necessarily 1st given anymore
NITRATES
address chest pain
lower BP
Nitro-glycerin
relaxes smooth muscle
Increase RHR
Increase or do not affect Exercising HR
Decreased RBP
Decrease or do not affect Exercising BP
Increase work capacity at point of chest pain
PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS
RHR/EHR is not affected, or increases
hypotension
tachycardia > 100 RHR
Regular Endurance Training
FITT
Frequency: Most, if not all days per week
Intensity: 40- < 60 % VO2 reserve
Time (Duration): > or = 30 min. of continuous activity
Type (Mode): Aerobic w/supplemental resistance. Can decrease BP by 5-7 points with endurance training in normal AND HBP people.
VO2R= % I (VO2max- VO2rest) + VO2rest
must understand METs well to use this
When you aerobically exercise, it lowers BP for about 22 hours.
If overweight or obese, exercise to burn 300 additional kcals.
Decreases RBP in non-HBP and HBP ppl.
Decreased D and I can still help
Chronic aerobic exercise does NOT lower HBP in children and teens
Fat loss is a better way to lower BP.
Resistance training should not be the primary mode- usually never performed to RM (only to volitional fatigue)
Recommendations for Resistance Training
8-12 Reps
10-15 for Older Adults
8-10 exercises
1 Set
2-3 days per week
CWT-Circuit Weight Training
8-12 diff. exercises
50% RM (20 reps)
has been shown to benefit
Fat loss is the best way
in an obese person, 22 lbs. of fat loss has been shown to decrease SBP by 15 points, and DBP by 10 pts. Additional weight lost is added onto those point values.
If someone has a normal BP but has an elevated response to exercise, they have a high risk in the future and should be recommended to make lifestyle changes.
See Pkt.
HTN: Hypertension
HBP: High Blood Pressure
Resting: SBP > or = 140 and/or DBP > or = 90
Or normal but on hypertensive medication
New Category" Pre-hypertensive
Research shows that ppl with these BPs have a significantly increased risk of CVD. Must change lifestyle.
SBP 120-139
DBP 80-89
ACSM Position stand- Quiz on this, very difficult to read
AHA Science advisory- just an FYI for us, no quiz over it
Prevalence
Increased BP affects 58.4 million Americans
90-95% of hypertensives- Dr.s don't know what it is due to. Called essential hypertension.
Increased prevalence in males, older adults, African Americans.
Stage 2-Stage 3 HBP
SBP > or = 160
DBP > OR = 100
Increased risk for CVD
Inc. CHF
Inc. peripheral artery disease- claudication (harding of leg arteries)
Inc. renal failure
Quiz question on stages
Risk Factors
Lifestyle modifications= non-medication ways
1. Endurance program
2. Body weight loss
(SEE LIST)
3. Eating a DASH diet (semi-vegetarian)- high fruits, high veg, protein in the form of low-fat dairy
Response to Exercise
With increasing level of exercise, SBP goes up, DBP stays fairly level.
Automatic termination of GXT if SBP > or = 250 (Anyone), DBP > or = 115
Medications
BP: Anti hypertensives
heart rhythm (which affects BP)
Force of L ventricular contraction (also affects BP)
May affect response to exercise
Must know what medications do to exercise:
type
dosage
time as it relates to time of exercise
DR.'S OKAY
Vein dilation
Brain- sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Kidneys play a major role
ACE INHIBITORS
affect kidneys to lower BP
Blocks kidney enzyme-prevents constriction hormone
does not cause changes in heart rate
unresponsive to other medications-very potent drugs
if the person is exercising, this should be the drug of choice
ALFA BLOCKERS
decrease peripheral nervous system to dilate veins
Do not cause changes in heart rate
suffer more from sudden hypotension because of poor blood flow back to the heart- cool down is important
ALFA SIMULATORS
increase parasympathetic to dilate blood vessels
BETA BLOCKERS
also used for angina (chest pain), migraines, and CAD
Compete for same receptor site at catacolomens so they can't increase BP (ventricular contraction)
affect heart and lungs (difficulty breathing)
go back to Dr. if this happens
affects person's ability to exercise (use RPE)
decreased resting and exercise HR
decreased blood pressure
decreases body's ability to dissipate heat. (climate controlled environment).
can cause hypoglycemia
only do testing on correct dosage of medication (the dosage on which they will be during your exercise program)
Chest pain- BBs allow them the work out at higher intensities without chest pain
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
chest pain, arrhythmia, HBP
Block Ca Dependant contraction of muscles
increase, decrease or do not affect HR (depends on which type)
decreased BP- cool down is important (blood pooling)
does not affect THR (Can use Karvonen formula)
ACSMs treatment of choice for very active ppl.
DIGITALIS
anti-arrhythmic
flutter of atria- increased vigor of contractions
decreases HR
does not affect BP
DIURETICS
anti-hypertensive/Congestive HF (CHF)
decreases water in the body
lowers BP
Does not affect HR
Can cause dehydration
hypocalimia- lose a lot of K. this can cause arrhythmia, potatoes have 3 x more K than bananas
hypoglycemia
historical the 1st type of drugs given
aren't as potent
not necessarily 1st given anymore
NITRATES
address chest pain
lower BP
Nitro-glycerin
relaxes smooth muscle
Increase RHR
Increase or do not affect Exercising HR
Decreased RBP
Decrease or do not affect Exercising BP
Increase work capacity at point of chest pain
PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS
RHR/EHR is not affected, or increases
hypotension
tachycardia > 100 RHR
Regular Endurance Training
FITT
Frequency: Most, if not all days per week
Intensity: 40- < 60 % VO2 reserve
Time (Duration): > or = 30 min. of continuous activity
Type (Mode): Aerobic w/supplemental resistance. Can decrease BP by 5-7 points with endurance training in normal AND HBP people.
VO2R= % I (VO2max- VO2rest) + VO2rest
must understand METs well to use this
When you aerobically exercise, it lowers BP for about 22 hours.
If overweight or obese, exercise to burn 300 additional kcals.
Decreases RBP in non-HBP and HBP ppl.
Decreased D and I can still help
Chronic aerobic exercise does NOT lower HBP in children and teens
Fat loss is a better way to lower BP.
Resistance training should not be the primary mode- usually never performed to RM (only to volitional fatigue)
Recommendations for Resistance Training
8-12 Reps
10-15 for Older Adults
8-10 exercises
1 Set
2-3 days per week
CWT-Circuit Weight Training
8-12 diff. exercises
50% RM (20 reps)
has been shown to benefit
Fat loss is the best way
in an obese person, 22 lbs. of fat loss has been shown to decrease SBP by 15 points, and DBP by 10 pts. Additional weight lost is added onto those point values.
If someone has a normal BP but has an elevated response to exercise, they have a high risk in the future and should be recommended to make lifestyle changes.
Wednesday, February 13, 2008
2.13.08 Pregnancy
The minute a woman comes to you pregnant it is an automatic doctor's approval.
See all class notes in the packet.
1985
1994
2002
Statements
Must go w/Dr.'s restrictions even if they are from the 1985 statement which is the most restrictive.
Test Question definitions:
Morphology (according to dictionary.com)- 6. the study of the form or structure of anything. (basically meaning the size, form and shape of the pregnant woman)
Postpartum: (according to dictionary.com)- of or noting the period of time following childbirth; after delivery.
Changes start at conception and do not reverse until about 6 weeks postpartum. This is only if she isn't breastfeeding and there were not complications.
How does pregnancy change the ability to exercise?
1. Blood flow- must share O2 and blood with fetus (extra blood flow to uterus)
2. Cardiac Output (Q)- Increases 20-23% at rest (amount of blood pumped by the heart per min.)
Pregnancy is like a low level exercise just at rest. Increased HR by 15-20 bpm.
increased SV to support Q (stroke volume=the amount of blood pumped by the Left ventricle per beat)
Use RPE instead of HR. DO NOT USE HR to rate intensity of exercise.
Increased VO2 by 15-30%
1. For baby
2. support extra weight
Usually same BP
but Increase in Left ventricle thickness (good) -see this in resistance trained athletes.
see pkt. Blood vessels get bigger, return vessels become larger in diameter (ie varicose veins).
Blood pooling- in lower extremities- swelling, cannot return blood to heart efficiently.
As the uterus grows (to 6000x its original size), it puts pressure on the inferior vena cava- minimizing blood flow return. Avoid prolonged standing in one position, elevate legs (recumbant bike is good)
Be aware of postural hypotension- minimize sudden position changes (up to down and back up again).
Emphasis cool down to facilitate blood flow return to heart.
Increased plasma V by 45% (like in sports amemia -good)-increased water in blood
Increased red blood cell count by 30%
Joints relax-hormone relaxin -for the pelvis it is good for birthing, but not great for exercise. The hormone is not site specific-it relaxes ALL ligaments.
DO NOT be aggressive with flexibility and be very careful if doing any at all.
Be careful about pelvic dislocation.
Postural Changes (major)
Spinal changes
change in center of gravity-decreases balance significantly.
NO BALANCE work all together.
No fall risk/No abdominal trauma risk
Good- standing pelvic tilt (NOT supine)
cat back stretch (on all fours)
Increased frequency of urination (exercise incontinence)
Fetal Response
FHR increases 1 bpm for mother's 10. 80% of HRmax does not produce abnormal FHR.
Jarring is not detrimental, may actually be soothing, fluid acts as a shock absorption.
Difficulty because of weight gain, increased risk of injury.
Sheep studies- reproductive system is almost identical, even closer to us than monkeys.
Increased core Temp of 104 has been shown to be detrimental to fetus.
See ex. effects on Pregnancy pkt. (APGAR is a score given to newborns to quantify vitality moment to moment)
Women who exercise 3d/w before conception can increase their VO2max by 18% while pregnant, ie they are still trainable.
Just by being physically active you can improve glucose tolerance-need very little exercise.
General Recommendations 2002
Not a time to begin aggressive exercise (gradually increase)
For already trained women, 1st 3-4 monts-do not restrict exercise- women will naturally decrease Intensity/Duration with increased length of pregnancy.
Do not train to exhaustion
All suggestions extend 4-6 weeks postpartum.
Relative to mother's fitness level SEE PKT. LISTS!!
Know absolute contraindications
Know relative contraindications.
See all class notes in the packet.
1985
1994
2002
Statements
Must go w/Dr.'s restrictions even if they are from the 1985 statement which is the most restrictive.
Test Question definitions:
Morphology (according to dictionary.com)- 6. the study of the form or structure of anything. (basically meaning the size, form and shape of the pregnant woman)
Postpartum: (according to dictionary.com)- of or noting the period of time following childbirth; after delivery.
Changes start at conception and do not reverse until about 6 weeks postpartum. This is only if she isn't breastfeeding and there were not complications.
How does pregnancy change the ability to exercise?
1. Blood flow- must share O2 and blood with fetus (extra blood flow to uterus)
2. Cardiac Output (Q)- Increases 20-23% at rest (amount of blood pumped by the heart per min.)
Pregnancy is like a low level exercise just at rest. Increased HR by 15-20 bpm.
increased SV to support Q (stroke volume=the amount of blood pumped by the Left ventricle per beat)
Use RPE instead of HR. DO NOT USE HR to rate intensity of exercise.
Increased VO2 by 15-30%
1. For baby
2. support extra weight
Usually same BP
but Increase in Left ventricle thickness (good) -see this in resistance trained athletes.
see pkt. Blood vessels get bigger, return vessels become larger in diameter (ie varicose veins).
Blood pooling- in lower extremities- swelling, cannot return blood to heart efficiently.
As the uterus grows (to 6000x its original size), it puts pressure on the inferior vena cava- minimizing blood flow return. Avoid prolonged standing in one position, elevate legs (recumbant bike is good)
Be aware of postural hypotension- minimize sudden position changes (up to down and back up again).
Emphasis cool down to facilitate blood flow return to heart.
Increased plasma V by 45% (like in sports amemia -good)-increased water in blood
Increased red blood cell count by 30%
Joints relax-hormone relaxin -for the pelvis it is good for birthing, but not great for exercise. The hormone is not site specific-it relaxes ALL ligaments.
DO NOT be aggressive with flexibility and be very careful if doing any at all.
Be careful about pelvic dislocation.
Postural Changes (major)
Spinal changes
change in center of gravity-decreases balance significantly.
NO BALANCE work all together.
No fall risk/No abdominal trauma risk
Good- standing pelvic tilt (NOT supine)
cat back stretch (on all fours)
Increased frequency of urination (exercise incontinence)
Fetal Response
FHR increases 1 bpm for mother's 10. 80% of HRmax does not produce abnormal FHR.
Jarring is not detrimental, may actually be soothing, fluid acts as a shock absorption.
Difficulty because of weight gain, increased risk of injury.
Sheep studies- reproductive system is almost identical, even closer to us than monkeys.
Increased core Temp of 104 has been shown to be detrimental to fetus.
See ex. effects on Pregnancy pkt. (APGAR is a score given to newborns to quantify vitality moment to moment)
Women who exercise 3d/w before conception can increase their VO2max by 18% while pregnant, ie they are still trainable.
Just by being physically active you can improve glucose tolerance-need very little exercise.
General Recommendations 2002
Not a time to begin aggressive exercise (gradually increase)
For already trained women, 1st 3-4 monts-do not restrict exercise- women will naturally decrease Intensity/Duration with increased length of pregnancy.
Do not train to exhaustion
All suggestions extend 4-6 weeks postpartum.
Relative to mother's fitness level SEE PKT. LISTS!!
Know absolute contraindications
Know relative contraindications.
Monday, February 4, 2008
1.30.08 Diabetes
see pkt. pgs. on diabetes
Diabetes is not just a CHO problem.
Diabetics are unable to regulate blood glucose levels.
1. insulin availability- pancreas is not producing enough insulin or producing it incorrectly (non-recognizable to muscle and fat cells)
2. Insulin Resistance- insulin is fine, pancreas producing enough but muscles cells are not recognizing it.
80% of all type 2 diabetics are obese (esp. android fat)
Usually insulin resistant
Body is starving for glucose even with plenty of blood glucose. serum= blood
Diabetes is a disorder of CHO, fat, and protein metabolism resulting in...pg. 2 of pkt.
Why fat and protein? if body is starving for CHO, must rely too much on protein and fat for energy needs.
Brain- since the brain needs CHO to survive but the body cannot provide the CHO to the brain, it must produce a CHO-like product known as ketones from fat. Ketone build up in the body can kill you.
Memorize pg. 3 pkt.
[60]70-100mg/dl Ideal fasting level
>140mg/dl hyperglycemia
<50 mg/dl hypoglycemia
CHO is the primary fuel for the brain, nervous system, and retina. Blood glucose levels are controlled by hormones.
pkt. pg. 6 Tells us why [aerobic] exercise is critical to addressing type II diabetes.
3 critical Aspects
1. aerobic exercise
2. diet
3. medication (anti-diabetic medication)
When exercising, your muscle uses 7-12 times more Blood glucose than at rest.
During exercise, insulin is not required to open muscles to accept Blood glucose.-must have a quick source.
Immediately after up to about 72 hours. after exercise these affects last.
Exercise reduces body's need for insulin.
Liver breaks down glycogen to glucose = glycogenolysis
Blood glucose gets low ---> liver, when liver gets low --->amino acids (&fats &lactate) -break down into a CHO like molecule (to feed to brain) which is called gluconeogenesis.
(when CHO is in excess you can convert it into amino acids)
counter-regulatory hormones-opposite function of insulin (glucagon esp.) helps us use fat better
Pancreas overproduces insulin when it goes over 140 and drops the blood glucose level to hypoglycemic levels. To normalize this back within normal values, the body produces glucagon.
normal person= eat 2-3 hours before a race so that levels are normal or 10-15 min. before (simple sugar) because this is not enough time to get into hyperglycemic state so insulin will not kick in.
Type 1: IDDM : Insulin Dependant diabetes mellitus 10% of all diabetics
absolute insulin deficiency: pancreas doesn't make any or enough insulin OR insulin is non-recognizable. Characterized by elevated BG levels but body is still starved for CHO. Body has to use fat and protein making the person slim.
Ketones are acidic and therefore dangerous at high levels (low pH).
Cause: genetics/environmental trigger (mumps, rubella, chemical toxins-nitrosamines...beef jerky, pesticides)
All need insulin injections.
The injections are reverse catabolic-prevent the break down of fat and protein in lue of glucose. prevents ketosis.
Exercise is not good for managing type 1 diabetes.
Characteristics of Type 2: NIDDM 90% of all diabetics
40% take insulin injections (consistently or just sometimes)
80% are obese
7% of population that knows they are diabetic (7% that don't know-according to research)
Fasting hyperglycemia dispite available insulin. Adequate to prevent lipolysis -protein catabolism, but inadequate to lower blood glucose levels.
60% of all type 2 have high blood pressure.
High incidence of bad blood profile
Most do not need insulin shots
Exercise is critical in the management of type 2 diabetes.
Major Medical Complications
Diabetic Ketoacidosis- only using fatty acids- will find ketones in urine, blood, organs.
BG >250-check ketones
Never let them exercise with ketones in their urine.
Diabetes is not just a CHO problem.
Diabetics are unable to regulate blood glucose levels.
1. insulin availability- pancreas is not producing enough insulin or producing it incorrectly (non-recognizable to muscle and fat cells)
2. Insulin Resistance- insulin is fine, pancreas producing enough but muscles cells are not recognizing it.
80% of all type 2 diabetics are obese (esp. android fat)
Usually insulin resistant
Body is starving for glucose even with plenty of blood glucose. serum= blood
Diabetes is a disorder of CHO, fat, and protein metabolism resulting in...pg. 2 of pkt.
Why fat and protein? if body is starving for CHO, must rely too much on protein and fat for energy needs.
Brain- since the brain needs CHO to survive but the body cannot provide the CHO to the brain, it must produce a CHO-like product known as ketones from fat. Ketone build up in the body can kill you.
Memorize pg. 3 pkt.
[60]70-100mg/dl Ideal fasting level
>140mg/dl hyperglycemia
<50 mg/dl hypoglycemia
CHO is the primary fuel for the brain, nervous system, and retina. Blood glucose levels are controlled by hormones.
pkt. pg. 6 Tells us why [aerobic] exercise is critical to addressing type II diabetes.
3 critical Aspects
1. aerobic exercise
2. diet
3. medication (anti-diabetic medication)
When exercising, your muscle uses 7-12 times more Blood glucose than at rest.
During exercise, insulin is not required to open muscles to accept Blood glucose.-must have a quick source.
Immediately after up to about 72 hours. after exercise these affects last.
Exercise reduces body's need for insulin.
Liver breaks down glycogen to glucose = glycogenolysis
Blood glucose gets low ---> liver, when liver gets low --->amino acids (&fats &lactate) -break down into a CHO like molecule (to feed to brain) which is called gluconeogenesis.
(when CHO is in excess you can convert it into amino acids)
counter-regulatory hormones-opposite function of insulin (glucagon esp.) helps us use fat better
Pancreas overproduces insulin when it goes over 140 and drops the blood glucose level to hypoglycemic levels. To normalize this back within normal values, the body produces glucagon.
normal person= eat 2-3 hours before a race so that levels are normal or 10-15 min. before (simple sugar) because this is not enough time to get into hyperglycemic state so insulin will not kick in.
Type 1: IDDM : Insulin Dependant diabetes mellitus 10% of all diabetics
absolute insulin deficiency: pancreas doesn't make any or enough insulin OR insulin is non-recognizable. Characterized by elevated BG levels but body is still starved for CHO. Body has to use fat and protein making the person slim.
Ketones are acidic and therefore dangerous at high levels (low pH).
Cause: genetics/environmental trigger (mumps, rubella, chemical toxins-nitrosamines...beef jerky, pesticides)
All need insulin injections.
The injections are reverse catabolic-prevent the break down of fat and protein in lue of glucose. prevents ketosis.
Exercise is not good for managing type 1 diabetes.
Characteristics of Type 2: NIDDM 90% of all diabetics
40% take insulin injections (consistently or just sometimes)
80% are obese
7% of population that knows they are diabetic (7% that don't know-according to research)
Fasting hyperglycemia dispite available insulin. Adequate to prevent lipolysis -protein catabolism, but inadequate to lower blood glucose levels.
60% of all type 2 have high blood pressure.
High incidence of bad blood profile
Most do not need insulin shots
Exercise is critical in the management of type 2 diabetes.
Major Medical Complications
Diabetic Ketoacidosis- only using fatty acids- will find ketones in urine, blood, organs.
BG >250-check ketones
Never let them exercise with ketones in their urine.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
