Diabetes is not just a CHO problem.
Diabetics are unable to regulate blood glucose levels.
1. insulin availability- pancreas is not producing enough insulin or producing it incorrectly (non-recognizable to muscle and fat cells)
2. Insulin Resistance- insulin is fine, pancreas producing enough but muscles cells are not recognizing it.
80% of all type 2 diabetics are obese (esp. android fat)
Usually insulin resistant
Body is starving for glucose even with plenty of blood glucose. serum= blood
Diabetes is a disorder of CHO, fat, and protein metabolism resulting in...pg. 2 of pkt.
Why fat and protein? if body is starving for CHO, must rely too much on protein and fat for energy needs.
Brain- since the brain needs CHO to survive but the body cannot provide the CHO to the brain, it must produce a CHO-like product known as ketones from fat. Ketone build up in the body can kill you.
Memorize pg. 3 pkt.
[60]70-100mg/dl Ideal fasting level
>140mg/dl hyperglycemia
<50 mg/dl hypoglycemia
CHO is the primary fuel for the brain, nervous system, and retina. Blood glucose levels are controlled by hormones.
pkt. pg. 6 Tells us why [aerobic] exercise is critical to addressing type II diabetes.
3 critical Aspects
1. aerobic exercise
2. diet
3. medication (anti-diabetic medication)
When exercising, your muscle uses 7-12 times more Blood glucose than at rest.
During exercise, insulin is not required to open muscles to accept Blood glucose.-must have a quick source.
Immediately after up to about 72 hours. after exercise these affects last.
Exercise reduces body's need for insulin.
Liver breaks down glycogen to glucose = glycogenolysis
Blood glucose gets low ---> liver, when liver gets low --->amino acids (&fats &lactate) -break down into a CHO like molecule (to feed to brain) which is called gluconeogenesis.
(when CHO is in excess you can convert it into amino acids)
counter-regulatory hormones-opposite function of insulin (glucagon esp.) helps us use fat better
Pancreas overproduces insulin when it goes over 140 and drops the blood glucose level to hypoglycemic levels. To normalize this back within normal values, the body produces glucagon.
normal person= eat 2-3 hours before a race so that levels are normal or 10-15 min. before (simple sugar) because this is not enough time to get into hyperglycemic state so insulin will not kick in.
Type 1: IDDM : Insulin Dependant diabetes mellitus 10% of all diabetics
absolute insulin deficiency: pancreas doesn't make any or enough insulin OR insulin is non-recognizable. Characterized by elevated BG levels but body is still starved for CHO. Body has to use fat and protein making the person slim.
Ketones are acidic and therefore dangerous at high levels (low pH).
Cause: genetics/environmental trigger (mumps, rubella, chemical toxins-nitrosamines...beef jerky, pesticides)
All need insulin injections.
The injections are reverse catabolic-prevent the break down of fat and protein in lue of glucose. prevents ketosis.
Exercise is not good for managing type 1 diabetes.
Characteristics of Type 2: NIDDM 90% of all diabetics
40% take insulin injections (consistently or just sometimes)
80% are obese
7% of population that knows they are diabetic (7% that don't know-according to research)
Fasting hyperglycemia dispite available insulin. Adequate to prevent lipolysis -protein catabolism, but inadequate to lower blood glucose levels.
60% of all type 2 have high blood pressure.
High incidence of bad blood profile
Most do not need insulin shots
Exercise is critical in the management of type 2 diabetes.
Major Medical Complications
Diabetic Ketoacidosis- only using fatty acids- will find ketones in urine, blood, organs.
BG >250-check ketones
Never let them exercise with ketones in their urine.
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